Journal of the Faculty of Arts

الأصلُ اللّيبيُّ للقب الرَّبَّة أثينا بالاص: تريتونيا أو تريتوجينيا (دراسةٌ في الدّيانة والحضارة اللّيبيَّة من خلال المصادر الأدبيَّة والأثريَّة)

Salem salem — 2025-03-17

This research focuses on the Libyan characteristics in the cult of the virgin warrior goddess Athena, and in an attempt to distinguish this study, we have dealt with a precise and complex aspect that combines linguistics with narrative history. The goddess Athena was one of the most famous goddesses in Greece, and she, under other names, was worshiped in various regions of the Mediterranean basin, including Libya, Egypt, Phoenicia, Syria, Crete, Italy, and etc. In Greek religion, many titles were given to Athena that reflected her nature and religious functions, Among them were titles such as: Pallas or Palladion and Tritonia or Tritogeneia, titles that caused some of controversy among scholars, because of ambiguity of its meaning and origin. In this study We relied on both literary and archaeological sources, and We followed the narrative-analytic Method, and at the same time we discussed the opinions and results that other researchers have reached on the same subject. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: that the religious titles mentioned in this research actually had Libyan origins, and that Athena, under her title of Pallas, was originally a Libyan goddess who transferred at some time from North Africa to Greece

لَمَحَاتٌ من الأوضاع السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية في ليبيا من خلال مخطوط الرّحْلَة الحجَازيَّة لابن عبد القادر الفاسي 1211-1212هـ/1796-1797م

Ramdan — 2025-03-17

Travel books gained special importance in the process of historical writing and at revealing the history of peoples and nations. Moreover, Libya had a large share of writings on these travels, especially the Hejaz-Moroccan Journeys to the Holy Lands. Whereas the cities and villages of Libya were always landing stations for the people of these trips and provided supplies for them on their way to the Hijaz. In this article, we aim to benefit from one of these journeys in revealing part of the history of Libya, which is the Hijazi journey of Ibn Abd al-Qadir al-Fassi. In addition, the book on this journey is still is still an unpublished manuscript. Moreover, by using the historical inductive method, which depends on quote historical texts from its sources, then extrapolate it, understand it, elicit information it and use it afterwards, the study was able to identify the Glimpses of the political, economic and social conditions of Libya through the notes made by the traveler in his manuscript. The study also concluded, after its completion, that the author's information about this topic was accurate, abundant, and rich in details that we did not find it in other Journeys, Which made this journey, is distinctive and its manuscript is important. Finally, the study ended with a recommendation to those interested in Libyan history to increase interest in the manuscript of this journey and work on extracting what it contains at historical material, It is useful in revealing another topic that this study did not address, Especially that Ibn Abdul al-Qadir did not forget it from his previews and distinguished comments.

مسألة خلق القرآن دراسة تاريخية

Alabar — 2025-03-18

Quran is Sue is considered as one of the most dangerous issues of Islamic history, and the largest tribulations, that a large number of scientists and jurisprudents had been its victims. It also was going on fifteen years long. It thought Quran is a creature such as other creatures those created by Allah Almighty.

In the sense that it happened existed in is nothingness preceding. That Allah was created it after it was not present, so it exposed to patio and death such as his other creatures. The description of Quran is that it is a characteristic of the characteristics of Allah and it is a speech. That tribulation appeared in the second hundred because of ideas diffusion which came by hard work Almouatazalah sect in Alabbasi caliph Maamoun era. Even it had previous roots, but they had been growing in his era. Because of his retinue were from Almouatazalah, they effected on Maamoun and believed on their opinion He also took up that speech and worked to disseminate it, examined the scientists and jurisprudents, and deposed whom didn't believe in it. The matter went over step to punish such as what happened with Alemam Ahmed ben Hanbel and sometimes to kill.

أثر دلالة مشكل الحديث في اختلاف الأصوليين والفقهاء من خلال مشكل الآثار للطحاوي بَابُ بَيَان مُشْكل مَا رُويَ عَنْ رَسُول الله - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - في أَسْآر السّبَاع وَالدَّوَابّ سوَاهَا منْ طَهَارَة وَمنْ غَيْرهَا

Mustafa — 2025-03-18

حاز الشافعي في كتابه (اختلاف الحديث)، والطحاوي في كتابه (شرح مشكل الآثار)، فضل سبق التأليف في هذا العلم، فبات ما كتبا مرجعا لمن ألف فيه، ويعد الحاكم النيسابوري (405هـ) أول من أدخل مختلف الحديث في علم مصطلح الحديث في كتابه (معرفة علوم الحديث)، لمّا جعله النوع التاسع والعشرين من علوم الحديث، (1977م: ص 122)، ثم تبعه الخطيب البغدادي (463هـ) في كتابه (الكفاية)، حيث قال: "باب القول في تعارض الأخبار، وما يصح التعارض فيه وما لا يصح" (1375هـ: 132)، ولكن كتاب (شرح مشكل الآثار) للطحاوي من أعظم ما صنف في هذا الباب، في أحاديث الأحكام وأدلة المسائل الخلافية، صنفه مرتبًا على الكتب والأبواب الفقهية، وذكر فيه الآثار المأثورة عن رسول الله -r- في الأحكام التي يتوهم أن بعضها يتعارض مع بعض، مبينا الناسخ منها والمنسوخ، والمطلق والمقيد، وما يجب به العمل وما لا يجب، مبرزا حجية كل فريق من الخلاف

العروض العربي في كتابات الدكتورة هنية الكاديكي دراسة وصفية

احمد اسحيم — 2025-03-18

This research delves into the exploration of Arabic prosody as presented in the scholarly works of the late Dr. Haniyya Ali Al-Kadiki, a distinguished professor of Islamic literature and Arabic prosody who worked in the Department of Arabic Language and Literature during the mid-1990s. Dr. Al-Kadiki's approach to Arabic prosody is examined, particularly her innovative concept aimed at simplifying the understanding and application of prosodic principles for students. Her work challenges the traditional constraints of Khalilian meters, advocating for an expanded scope of prosody that embraces a novel rhythmic framework. Central to this framework is the concept of "rhythmic circles," proposed as an alternative to established metrical patterns in free verse poetry. This research analyzes Dr. Al-Kadiki's contributions, highlighting their significance in reshaping pedagogical approaches and methodological perspectives within the field of Arabic prosody

المضمر في فلسفة الحضارة عند شبنغلر والانتقادات التي وجهت له

السعيدي كارة — 2025-03-17

Spengler's philosophy of civilization Is one of the philosophies that have raised much controversy about it. And she received a lot of criticism. The style, and the new terms in his study of civilization and his assessment of Western civilization as being in the process of collapse due to the decline of the spiritual side, and the tyranny of material values, to the decline of Its interest in the Interior of civilization human which is the focus of Civilization. In addition, there has been ambiguity surrounded by his philosophical proposition in many issues. So, the purpose of the research Is to reveal that implied and the validity of the criticism leveled at him. This is by following the comparative critical analytical approach. Keywords (inclusive, civilization, Spengler, critical analytical)

الفقار في منطقة هون ، دراسة مسحية تحليلية ( الجزء الأول )

الامين عبدالعاطي — 2025-03-18

The problem of drought is one of the dilemmas that have troubled man since his appearance on the face of the earth, and it increased after human settlement and the emergence of human settlements in the early Neolithic era. The availability of water has been linked to the existence of civilizations since ancient times, from here man sought to have multiple sources of water, and the regions suffered. Dry areas suffer from this problem more than others do, especially due to the scarcity of airports there or the lack of permanent sources of water such as springs and rivers. Hence, in the fourth millennium before the waters, man invented a hydraulic technology to bring water from the source to the human beings. It was called by several names. The Afghans as Kiraz, and to the Omanis and Yemenis knew it as “Al-Falaj,” while it was known in Algeria and Libya as Al-Faqara, Al-Fakara, or Al-Fajara. It is called Khatara and its plural is Khatara in the Maghreb. It is also called (Al-Karyez Yasin), while the term for Al-Faqara in the Tama Hak language is Afli and its plural is Aflan. In China it is called Kanirjing, the name of the Jaghr Canal in Syria and Jordan, and the name Kreja in Tunisia, and despite all these names. However, it is characterized by the same method and pursues the same goal. The Sahara region in general and Libya in particular, is considered one of the driest regions on Earth. In these areas, man was able to use this technology to form cities within this dry area, and the remaining architectural monuments indicate the size and magnitude of these cities, and by studying this technology within the Al-Jufra region in general and the city of Hun in particular, by tracing the lines of this technology and determining its various types, paths and methods, and trying to develop Dates for it, and finally, a set of results and recommendations were developed, all of which aim to preserve it and increase its careful study

ميناء مدينة توكرة الاثرية دراسة ميدانية تحت الماء

سالم بوجنات — 2025-03-18

Ancient harbours are considered among the most crucial facilities, serving as indicators of the importance and size of the cities associated with them. Their evidence and size reflect not only the magnitude of the cities but also variety in commercial transactions, external communications, and independent commercial and service - a key factor of political autonomy. Consequently, field surveys conducted on the coasts and underwater are indispensable for revealing evidence that substantiates the existence of a harbour in a specific city and helps to envisage its arrangements, thereby establishing its overall size. This, in turn, contributes to a deeper understanding of the city itself.

Building on this rationale, the focus of this study is based on a comprehensive field survey both underwater and off the coast of the city of Tocra. The objective is to meticulously document all architectural elements and natural features for subsequent analysis and comparison, aimed at confirming the presence of a harbour in Tocra. Through conducting this study, it has been revealed with tangible evidence the existence of a large harbour with multifunctional roles, including those related to trade, communication, and maritime fishing in the city of Tocra. Its facilities are dispersed over an underwater area exceeding 2.5 hectares

دلائل استمرار العمران الإسلامي في مدينة توكرة منذ الفتح الإسلامي إلى بداية الاحتلال الإيطالي (22-1330هـ/642- 1912م) دراسة أثرية ميدانية

مريم الزناتي — 2025-03-18

This research entitled (Evidence of the Continuation of Islamic occupation in the ancient city of Tocra ‘Teucheira or Taucheira’ from the beginning of the Islamic conquest to the early date of the Italian Occupation). It examines the Muslims’ use of some Byzantine architectural buildings within the city of Torca and the Byzantine fortress is one of them. This was utilised by the Islamic troops as a headquarter for guarding garrison within the framework of coastal surveillance to secure the region as a whole from the Roman threat. This use seems to have continued until the twelfth century at least. Muslims also used other facilities for civilian purposes, such as the Byzantine baths. There is also evidence of the construction of houses and shops during this era. The Ottoman citadel at Tocra was the last construction, which dated to a late period of the Islamic State. It is possible to rely on some archaeological evidence and historical texts to prove the continuation of urbanization in the city throughout successive Islamic eras. Due to the importance of this study, the results were built up based on the field archaeological approach.

The importance of the study: In respect of the lack of specialised studies on Islamic antiquities in the province of Cyrenaica (Pentapolis) in general and in the city of Tokra in particular, especially during the early period of the establishment of the Islamic State, we decided to shed light on its Islamic archaeological evidence by tracing its history and chronology. The study aims to prove that this city remained inhabited throughout the Islamic era, not only during the early Islamic period. This can be achieved by collecting, investigating, and publishing Islamic heritage found in the city of Tocra. This is to provide and publish clear Islamic archaeological evidence that is supported with textual data. This research will follow the field archaeological approach. This study covers the area which is now known Tocra and embraces the time spanned from the Islamic conquest to the beginning of the Italian occupation 1330-22 AH / AD 642- 1912

طرابلس الغرب وبرقـة خـلال العصر الفاطمي (297ـ 443هـ / 909ـ 1051م ) دراسـة تاريخية عن الأوضاع السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية ( تفاعل السياسة مع الأرض والناس )

جمعة كشبور — 2025-03-18

الدراسة التحليلية للكتـاب

فكرة الكتاب وتطورها :

ذكر المؤلف وهويقدم لكتابه أن فكرة إعداد هذه الدراسة ومضـت عنده سنة 2012 م، عندما صدر له كتابه الأول تحت عنوان ( الحياة الاجتماعية في مصر في عصر الدولة الفاطمية ) ففرحته يومها بكتابه الجديد ،خالطها شيء من الإحساس بالتقصير ،باتجاه بلاده و تاريخها ،وساوره حينها شعور بأنه خذلها من غير قصد ، لان ليبيا كانت الأولى بدراسة تاريخها الإسلامي ، فمصر كانت ـ ولازالت ـ تزخر بالبحاث والكُتاب الذين تناولوا كل عصورها وفتراتها و موضوعاتها التاريخية ،بالبحث والدراسة والتأليف ، بينما ليبيا في أمس الحاجة لجهود أبنائها في الكشف عن ماضيها ، وسير من نزلوا بها واستوطنوها ،لاسيما أن تاريخ ليبيا خلال العصور الإسلامية الوسطى ،وفي الحقبة الفاطمية بالذات ، تعاني من النقص الشديد في مادته التاريخية .

Problems Face Students of Benghazi university in Speaking English

Najah Alrisee — 2025-03-18

The main theme of the research is going to be about the difficulties faced by English department students when attempting to speak in a foreign language (English in this case). How they overcome these problems when speaking. The data was collected in terms of questionnaires and interviews answered by ten randomly selected students, also personal experience of teaching students to speak. The results of this research demonstrated the challenges students will find out and why their speech is being restrained by many elements as lack of confidence, not enough practice, less motivation and so on, in an attempt by the researcher will to list some steps to help them enhance their speech and overcome these problems.

العلاقة بين الأهلية و الذمة

أمينة الفاخري — 2025-03-18

Understanding Legal Capacity، Liability، and Their Interrelation

This research primarily aims to address a fundamental question concerning the essence of legal capacity and liability، exploring the relationship between them. The divergence between jurists and legal theorists regarding the proof of legal capacity and the denial or affirmation of liability، whether positive، negative، or solely negative، is a central focus. The methodology employed combines inductive reasoning with deductive and analytical approaches، necessitated by the need to observe، deduce، and analyze intricacies.

Key findings include the classification of legal capacity into two forms: capacity of obligation and capacity of performance، both intricately linked to human life and the completeness of one's intellect. Liability is delineated into two aspects: positive، involving the acquisition of rights، and negative، entailing the assumption of duties. Importantly، liability is associated with the capacity of obligation rather than the capacity of performance.

In conclusion، this study sheds light on the nuanced concepts of legal capacity and liability، emphasizing their interplay and distinct characteristics within legal frameworks