Environmental Lifestyle and Genetic Factors Associated with Cancer Patients in Eastern Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Cancer is a growing public health problem in Libya, particularly in Benghazi. Multiple risk factors, including environmental, lifestyle, and dietary factors, contribute to the problem, along with stress. Despite the increasing incidence of cancer, research on the subject remains limited. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify factors associated with cancer among  200 cancer patients (130 women and 70 men) in Benghazi. The study was conducted from February to June 2025 at the Benghazi National Cancer Center, and consecutive patients were recruited. Data were collected through interviews with patients using a structured 35-item questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Ethical approval was obtained, and data were kept confidential. Most participants were female (65%), aged 41 years or older (60%), and 70% lived in urban areas. The proportion of smokers was 45%, whereas 70% of nonsmokers reported exposure to secondhand smoke. 30% live near industrial areas, 55% eat meat regularly, and only 35% eat fruits and vegetables daily. 25% reported a family history of cancer. The most common cancers were breast cancer (40%) followed by lung cancer (30%), with low levels of awareness. Only 20% of participants were aware of the link between smoking and cancer, and just 15% of women underwent early screening. These findings highlight the diversity of cancers and emphasise the need for smoking cessation, environmental monitoring, improved early screening, and culturally appropriate health education. However, the cross-sectional design among patients limits causal inference.