Measuring the work function of the (100) plane of Iridium electron emitter by probe hole field electron emission microscope
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37376/ljst.v12i1.7068Keywords:
Crystal planes, A field emission microscope, Rotat-able electromagnet, Tip etchingAbstract
The work described in this paper is a study to measure the work function of the 100 plane (Φ100) of the iridium field emitter surface (the tip). The study has been carried out using a field emission microscope with a probe hole in the centre of the screen, which permitted to examine the individual crystal planes of the tip surface. The work function was computed from the current–voltage data using Fowler–Nordheim equation and a computer program which incorporated a point throwing routine and calculated errors in the measured work function were generally found to be ±0.02 eV or less
Downloads
References
Antczak G., Blaszczyszyn M., and Blaszczyszyn R. (2000) ‘Surface Self-Diffusion of Iridium Field Electron Emission Study’, Acta Physics Polonica A, 98, pp. 383-388.
Bassett D.W. (1965) The thermal stability and rearrangement of field-evaporated tungsten surfaces, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A286, pp. 191-203.
Biberian, J.P. (1980) An alternative model of the reconstructed (100) surfaces of gold, platinum and iridium, Surface Science, 97, pp. 257–263.
Bin Ren and Fritz-Haber (2004) ‘Preparation of gold tips suitable for tip–enhanced Raman spectroscopy and high emission by elec-trochemical etching’, 75, 4, pp. 837-841.
Bowkett, K.M., Smith, D.A. (1970) Field Ion Microscopy, N. Holland Publishing Comp., Amsterdam, London.
Brenner S.S. (1964) ‘The thermal rearrangement of field-evaporated iridium surfaces’, Surface Science, 2, pp. 496–508.
Burgess R.E., Kroemer H., Houston J.M. (1953) ‘Corrected Values of Fowler-Nordheim Field Emission Functions v(y) and s(y)’, Phys. Rev., 90, pp. 515–516.
Coles, S.J.T., Jones, J.P. (1977) ‘Adsorption of Gold on Low Index Planes of Rhenium’, Surface Science, 68, pp. 312–327.
Derochette, J.M., Martin, J. (1977) ‘Field emission Study of Hydrogen Adsorption on Smooth and Perfectly Ordered Iridium Surfaces (111) and (100) Influence of Steps and Iridium Clusters on the Surface Potential of the Hydrogen Film’, Physica Status Solidi, 39, pp. 281–289.
Dyke W.P., Dolan W.W. (1956) ‘Field Emission’, Advances in elec-tronics and Electron Physics, 8, pp. 89–185.
Dyke W.P., Trolan J.K., Dolan W.W., Grundhauser F.J. (1954) ‘Field Emission Current-Density Distribution’, J. Appl. Phys., 25, pp. 106–112.
Ehrlich, G. (1959) Moleular Processes of the Gas–Solid Interface, Structure and Properties of Thin Films, Edited by Neugebauer, C.A., Newkirk, J.B., and Vermilyea, D.A., John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.
Eisele M., Kruger M., Schenk M., Ziegler A., and Hommelhoff P. (2011) ‘Note: Production of sharp gold tips with high surface quality’, Review of Scientific Instruments, 82, 2, pp. 26101- 26101.
Ekvall I., Wahlstrom E., Claesson D., Olin H., and Olsson E. (1999) Preparation and characterization of electrochemically etched W tips for STM’, Measurement Science and Technology, 10, No.1, pp. 19-24.
Gadzuk J.W., Plummer E.W. (1973) ‘Field Emission Energy Distri-bution (FEED)’, Rev. Mod. Phys., 45, pp. 487–552.
Gorodetskii, V.V., Sobyanin, V.A., Bulgakov N.N., Knor, Z. (1979) ‘Low Temperature Reaction of Hydrogen with Preadsorbed Ox-ygen on Iridium’, Surface Science, 82, pp. 120–138.
Grant, J.T. (1969) ‘A LEED study of the Ir(100) surface’, Surface Science, 18, pp. 228–238.
Grant, J.T., Hass, T.W. (1969) ‘The structure of the Pt(100) surface’, Surface Science, 18, pp. 457-461.
Gyftopoulos E.P., Levine J.D. (1962) ‘Work Function Variation of Metals Coated by Metallic Films’, J. Appl. Phys., 33, pp. 67-73.
Hagstrom, S., Lyon, H.B., Somorjai, G.A. (1965) ‘Surface Structures on the Clean Platinum (100) Surface’, Phys. Rev. Letters, 15, pp. 491–492.
Hashim K.I. (2017) ‘Adsorption of Copper on Iridium’, Journal of Science and its Applications, 5:2, pp. 103-105.
Hashim K.I. (2009) ‘Review on Adsorption of Silver on Iridium’, Science and its Applications, 3, 1, pp. 105-111.
Hashim K.I. (2018) ‘Adsorption of Gold on Iridium’, Journal of Ap-plied Mathematics and Physics, 6, pp. 1324-1331.
Hren, J.J., Ranganathan, S. (1968) Field-Ion Microscopy, Plenum Press, New York.
Iwami M., Uehara Y., and Ushioda S. (1998) ‘Preparation of silver tips for scanning tunneling microscopy imaging’, Review of Sci-entific Instruments, 69, pp. 4010-4011.
Jones J.P. (1965) ‘The Adsorption of Copper on Tungsten’, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A284, pp. 469-487.
Kellogg, G.L. (1986) ‘Field ion microscope observations of surface reconstructions on Pt(100) and Ir(100)’, Surface Science, 177, pp. L1021–L1027.
Kojima, I., Miyazaki, E., Yasumori, I. (1982) ‘Field emission study of VIII transition metals: III. Adsorption of ethylene and acetylene on Pt’, Applications of Surface Science, 10, pp. 27–41.
Komar, A.P., Savchenko, V.P. (1962) ‘Effect of Impurities and dislo-cations on the Electron Field from Metallic Crystals’, Soviet Physics Solid State, 4, pp. 986–992.
Lewis, R., Gomer, R. (1968) ‘Adsorption of Oxygen on Platinum’, Surface Science, 12, pp. 157–176.
Libioulle L. and Houbion (1995) ‘Very sharp gold and platinum tips to modify gold surfaces in scanning tunneling microscopy’, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 13, 3, pp. 1325-1331.
Lindahl J., Takanen T., and Montelius L. (1998) ‘Easy and reproduci-ble method for making sharp tips of Platinum, Iridium’, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 16, pp. 3077-3081.
Lucier, A.S, (2004) Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten Tips Suitable for Molecular Electronics Studies, A thesis submit-ted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the require-ments of the degree of Master of Science.
Martin E.E., Trolan J.K., Dyke W.P. (1960) ‘Stable, High Density Field Emission Cold Cathode’, J. Appl. Phys., 31, pp. 782-789.
Melmed A.J (1965) ‘An Interaction of Oxygen with Platinum’, J. Appl. Phys., 36, pp. 3691-3691.
Michaelson, H.B. (1977) ‘The Work Function of the Elements and its periodicity’, J. Appl. Phys., 48, pp. 4729–4733.
Moran Meza J.A., Polesel-Maris, Lubin C., Thoyer F., Makky A., Ouerghi A., and Cousty (2015) ‘Reverse electrochemical etching method for fabricating ultra-sharp platinum/iridium tips for combined scanning tunneling microscope/atomic force micro-scope based on quartz tuning fork’, Current Applied Physics, 15, 9, pp. 1015-1021
Morgan, A.E, Somorjai, G.A. (1968) ‘Low energy electron diffraction studies of gas adsorption on the platinum (100) single crystal surface’, Surface Science, 12, pp. 405–425.
Muller E.W. (1937) ‘Field Ionization and Field Ion Microscopy’, Z. Physik, 106, pp. 541–550.
Muller E.W. (1955) ‘Work Function of Tungsten Single Crystal Planes Measured by the Field Emission Microscope’, J. Appl. Phys., 26, pp. 732–737.
Muller, E.W., Tsong, T.T. (1969) Field Ion Microscopy, Principles and Applications, American Elsevier Publishing Comp. Inc, New York.
Mundschau, M., Vanselow, R. (1985) ‘Auger analysis of platinum field emitters’, Surface Science, 155, pp. 121–131.
Nieuwenhuys, B.E., Meijer, D.Th., Sachtler, W.M.H. (1973) ‘Adsorp-tion of nitrogen on single crystal faces of iridium, studied by field emission microscopy’, Surface Science,40, pp. 125-140.
Nieuwenhuys, B.E., Sachtler, W.M.H. (1974) ‘Crystal face specificity of xenon adsorption on iridium field emitters’, Surface Science, 45, pp. 513–529.
Nordheim L.W. (1928). The effect of the image force on the emis-sion and reflection of electrons by metals, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lon-don, A121, pp. 626–639.
Oguri T. (1964). Studies on Chemisorption of Nitrogen on Tungsten with the Field Emission Microscope, J. Phys. Japan, 19, pp. 83–91.
Ottaviano L., Lozzi L., and Santucci S. (2003) ‘Scanning Auger Mi-croscopy study of tungsten tips for scanning tunneling micro-scope’, Review of Scientific Instruments, 74, 7, pp. 3368-3378.
Rendulic, K.D., Muller, E.W. (1966) ‘Twinning of Iridium in a Field Ion Microscope’, J. Appl. Phys., 37, pp. 2593-2595.
Sinha, M.K., Swenson, O.F., Venkatachalam, G. (1972) ‘The anoma-lous Fowler–Nordheim plots of tungsten field emitter covered with silicon’, Surface Science, 33, pp. 414–418.
Todd, C.T., Rhodin, T.N. (1973) ‘Work function in field emission—the (110) plane of tungsten’, Surface Science, 36, pp. 353–369.
Van Oostrom A. (1966) ‘Validity of Fowler–Nordheim Model for Field Emission’, Philips Research Reposts Suppl., 1, pp. 1-102.
Wilson R.G. (1966) ‘Vacuum Thermionic Work Function of Poly-crystalline Nb, Mo, Ta, W, Re, Os, and Ir.’, J. Appl. Phys., 37, pp. 3170–3172.
Witt, J., Muller, K. (1986) ‘Direct observation of reconstructed sur-faces in the field ion microscope’, Appl. Phys., A41, pp. 103- 106.
Witt, J., Nieuwenhuys, B.E, (1982) ‘Surface structure effects in the adsorption and decomposition of ethylene on iridium; compari-son with platinum’, Surface Science, 119, pp. 1–9.
Young, R.D., Clark, H.E. (1966) ‘Anomalous work function of the tungsten (110) plane’, Phys. Rev. Letters, 17, pp. 351–353.
Zuber S.M. and Ciszewski A. (2000) ‘Nuclear and Crystal Growth of Cu on Ir Tips under Ultra High Vacuum and in the presence of Oxygen, Acta Physica Polonica A, 97, pp. 681-692.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Libyan Journal of Science &Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
