مفهوم النَّفس والبَعْث عند قدماء الإغريق والرومان

Abstract

Abstract
Aristotle said in his book On the Soul: Knowledge varies in its degrees of respect and value, and the highest type of knowledge for me is knowledge of the psyche, which contributes greatly to the advancement of truth in general and our understanding of nature, because the soul is the principle of animal life (Aristotle, On the Soul, I I, 1). The difficulty of understanding the soul comes from its existence in this world, so thinkers and philosophers devoted themselves to study the psyche in the ontological period (before its birth and after death). And they strove to understand its basic characteristics. However, they did incapacitate of rational meditation to explain the soul, which made them go to spiritual communication, which was practiced by priests and clerics through what is called evocation. It was necessary to mix between deductive mental meditation and religious spiritual communication. This human being is not one but rather multiple in one; he is composed of soul, spirit, reason and body. Principle of study of the psyche also is thinking and mental activity that is basic base. Therefore, the ancient civilizations tried to put several hypotheses to understand human being, who isj between a soul bound by desire, a mind controlled by judgments, and a spirit from which knowledge emanates.. There is hardly any ancient belief or philosophy that is devoid of a contemplative process of the soul. The issue of duality and unity between the soul and the body is one of the metaphysical matters that was the focus of interest of philosophers and the ancients, in addition to the physical and kinetic issues due to its connection to movement and place. Therefore, we will follow the study of the soul in ancient religions, especially the Greek and Roman. We will also know through our research whether philosophers have answers about the ontological and existential secret of the soul or not, or whether they are metaphysical matters exclusive to priests and clerics as they have the spiritual side.